What is Ca 19-9 Blood Test and Relationship with Pancreatic Cancer - Assoc.Prof.Dr Mutlu Unver Izmir, Turkey
Ca 19-9 Blood Test and Pancreatic Cancer. What is CA 19-9 Blood Test Used For? Normal and High Values. CA 19-9 Test Results Mean Izmir Turke
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Colon And Rectal (Colorectal) Cancer
The colon and rectum are part of the digestive system. The large intestine is the next organ after the small intestine. Colorectal cancers occur in the mucosa, the innermost layer of the large intestine. The risk of developing this cancer increases after the age of 50. It is the most common cancer of the digestive system both in Turkey and in the world. It ranks 4th in men and 3rd in women among the most common cancers in Turkey. With the development of chemotherapy and surgical treatments, increased medical awareness and screening programs, deaths due to colorectal cancer have decreased considerably.
Colon and Rectal (Colorectal) Cancer
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Colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative
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Some genetic diseases
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Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome)
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Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) coli syndrome
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Male gender
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Consuming animal fat. Fibrous foods reduce this effect.
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Red meat consumption
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Consuming smoked foods
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Obesity
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Frequent consumption of eggs and processed meat (salami, sausage, sausage, etc.).
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Alcohol
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Cigarette
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Inflammatory bowel disease
Risk Factors for Colon and Rectal Cancer
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Bloody stools
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Abdominal pain
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Feeling of bloating
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Weight loss and loss of appetite
Colon cancer involving the right side of the large intestine and colon cancer involving the left side may have different symptoms.
Colon and Rectal (Colorectal) Cancer Symptoms
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The diagnosis is made by rectal examination, followed by colonoscopy and biopsy of the lesion. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are helpful in the diagnosis to assess the extent of the disease.
Diagnosis of Colon and Rectal (Colorectal) Cancer
Stage 1: The cancer has invaded the intestinal wall. However, it has not reached all layers of the intestine.
Stage 2: The cancer has involved all layers of the intestine.
Stage 3: Colon cancer has metastasized and spread to regional lymph nodes.
Stage 4: The cancer has spread to distant tissues and organs such as the liver, peritoneum and lungs.
Stages of Colon and Rectal (Colorectal) Cancer
Surgical Treatment of Colon and Rectal (Colorectal) Cancer
Surgical principles vary depending on which part of the large intestine is involved. Removal of the entire colon is called total colectomy, while removal of one half is called hemicolectomy. All colon surgeries can be performed laparoscopically (closed technique), robotic or open technique depending on the extent and location of the disease.
After the affected part of the large intestine is removed, the remaining sections of the large intestine are usually anastomosed (joined) using various techniques. In some cases, the remaining ends of the intestine are usually temporarily attached to the abdominal wall as a stoma. If no recurrent tumor is detected after post-operative follow-up and chemotherapy, a new stoma closure surgery is performed to remove the stomalized intestinal ends back into the abdomen.
In rectal cancer, depending on the stage of the tumor, it may be necessary to try to reduce the extent and stage of the tumor with radiotherapy and chemotherapy before surgery (neoadjuvant treatment). When the tumor becomes suitable for surgery, the operation is performed by resecting (removing) the relevant part of the rectum. In rectal cancer surgeries, the remaining intestinal ends can be anastomosed (joined together) and in some cases temporarily, and in some cases permanently, they can be attached to the abdominal wall in the form of a stoma. This stoma can be closed with a second surgery with postoperative follow-up.
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