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  • Writer's pictureDoç.Dr.Mutlu Ünver

What is Sigmoid Colon? - Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mutlu Unver - Izmir, Turkey

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What is Sigmoid Colon?

1. What is Sigmoid Colon?


Sigmoid colon is the last part of the large intestine before reaching the rectum. It connects the descending colon and the rectum. Sigmoid colon takes its name from the letter sigma in the Greek alphabet.


The main function of the sigmoid colon, like the previous parts of the intestine, is to absorb water, vitamins and minerals from undigested food particles, but to a lesser extent. The sigmoid colon is a posterior intestinal structure and its blood circulation, innervation and lymphatic drainage are similar to other posterior intestinal structures.


There are several common and rare diseases that can affect the sigmoid colon and some of these diseases may require surgical intervention if medical treatment fails.


Cancer Surgeon Izmir Turkey
Assoc.Prof.Dr Mutlu Ünver


2. Where is the Sigmoid Colon?


The sigmoid colon (or pelvic colon) is the part of the large intestine closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop averaging 35-40 cm (13.78-15.75 in length).


The loop is typically shaped like a Greek letter sigma (ς) (thus sigma + -oid) or the Latin letter S. This part of the colon is normally located within the pelvis, but due to its freedom of movement it can be located in the abdominal cavity.


The sigmoid colon is usually located in the pelvic region. However, because it has a mesentery, it is a mobile structure and can sometimes slide into the abdominal cavity. This mobility makes it possible to find the sigmoid colon in different positions and medical evaluation may be required if it slides into the abdominal cavity.


This mobility makes it possible to find the sigmoid colon in various positions and medical evaluation may be required if it slides into the abdominal cavity.


Colon Anatomy

3. What is Sigmoid Colon Cancer?


Sigmoid colon cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the sigmoid colon, the last part of the large intestine. This cancer usually starts from small, benign growths called polyps on the lining of the intestine and can develop into malignant tumours over time. If detected in the early stages, it can be treated, but when it progresses, the risk of spreading to other organs increases.



General Information:


  • Prevalence: Colon cancer ranks third among all types of cancer and sigmoid colon cancer accounts for a significant proportion of colon cancers.

  • Age: It is mostly seen in people aged 50 years and older.

  • Gender: It is likely to occur in both men and women, but is slightly more common in men.

  • Survival Rate: The 5-year survival rate of sigmoid colon cancer diagnosed early is about 90%. However, if the cancer is advanced, this rate may drop to 14%.



Sigmoid colon cancer can be prevented and detected early with lifestyle changes and regular screening tests. A healthy diet, regular exercise and avoiding risk factors such as smoking can reduce the risk of developing this type of cancer. Thanks to screening tests, polyps can be detected and removed at an early stage to prevent them from developing into cancer.



4. Sigmoid Colon Anatomy


The sigmoid colon is the last part of the large intestine before the rectum and is named after the letter sigma (σ) in the Greek alphabet. This part is located on the lower left side of the abdomen and is usually S-shaped. Here is some basic information to help you visualise the anatomy of the sigmoid colon:


  • Pelvis: The sigmoid colon is located in the pelvis. It is located in the lower left part of the abdomen, where it continues by connecting to the rectum.

  • Connections: The sigmoid colon acts as a bridge between the descending colon above and the rectum below.

  • S-Shape: It is curved and S-shaped, similar to the letter sigma from which it takes its name. This curved structure helps the faeces to move along the intestine.

  • Diameter: The large intestine has a narrower diameter compared to other parts. This narrow structure regulates the passage of faeces into the rectum.

  • Mesentery: The sigmoid colon is connected to a tissue called the mesentery. This structure keeps the sigmoid colon suspended in the abdominal cavity and provides a certain mobility.

  • Variable Position: Due to the mesentery, the sigmoid colon can move around in the abdominal cavity. This mobility helps in the progression and storage of faeces.

  • Absorption: The sigmoid colon absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from undigested food. This process helps to solidify the stool and maintain the water balance.

  • Storage: The sigmoid colon is where stool is temporarily stored before passing into the rectum. This ensures that the stool has a suitable consistency and regulates the defecation process.

  • Blood Circulation: The sigmoid colon receives blood from the inferior mesenteric artery. This vessel provides nutrition to the lower part of the intestines.

  • Nerves: The sigmoid colon is controlled by the autonomic nervous system. These nerves regulate bowel movements and keep the stool moving.

  • Lymphatic System: Lymphatic drainage of the sigmoid colon is important for the immune system. Lymph nodes filter harmful substances and cells and support the body's defence mechanism.


Colon Anatomy

The sigmoid colon is a critical part of the digestive system. Its shape, position and functions regulate bowel movements and allow the passage of faeces into the rectum. Understanding the anatomy of this region is of great importance for digestive system health.



5. Signs and Symptoms of Sigmoid Colon Cancer


Symptoms of sigmoid colon cancer may vary depending on the stage of the cancer, the size and location of the tumour. Here is a detailed description of sigmoid colon cancer symptoms:


  • Sigmoid colon cancer can cause constant or coming and going pains and cramps in the abdomen. These pains are usually concentrated in the lower abdomen.


  • Bright red or dark blood may be seen in the stool. This is caused by damage to the bowel wall caused by the cancer. Although bleeding is sometimes not visible to the naked eye, it can be detected with an occult blood test.


  • There may be marked changes in bowel movements, such as constipation or diarrhoea. These changes should be considered if they persist for several days or weeks.


  • A thinning of the stool diameter or a change in the shape of the stool is also a symptom.


  • It is a common symptom to still feel the need to go to the toilet, even though you have emptied your bowels. This can be caused by the tumour blocking bowel movements.


  • Decreased appetite and weight loss without diet or exercise are among the symptoms of sigmoid colon cancer.


  • A constant feeling of tiredness and a general state of weakness can occur due to the body's reaction to cancer and blood loss.


  • The feeling of constant bloating and gas accumulation in the abdomen may be among the symptoms of sigmoid colon cancer.


  • Nausea and vomiting may occur, especially if there is intestinal obstruction.


As these symptoms may be associated with other health problems, it is important to consult a doctor to make a definitive diagnosis.


Early diagnosis and treatment increases the chances of success in the fight against sigmoid colon cancer. If you have one or more of the above symptoms, it is recommended that you consult a health professional.


6. Sigmoid Colon Pain


Sigmoid colon pain can be defined as discomfort or pain felt in the lower left part of the abdomen. This pain can be caused by various causes, and the intensity, duration and accompanying symptoms may vary depending on the type of underlying problem. Here is detailed information about the causes, symptoms and treatment methods of sigmoid colon pain:

Causes


Inflammation or infection of small pockets (diverticula) in the wall of the sigmoid colon.


  • Symptoms: Sharp and persistent abdominal pain, fever, nausea, change in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhoea).


A chronic condition characterised by impaired bowel function.


  • Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, bloating, flatulence, gas, mucous stools, altered bowel habits (alternating constipation and diarrhoea).


Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.


  • Symptoms: Chronic abdominal pain, bloody stools, diarrhoea, weight loss, fatigue.


Sigmoid colon cancer, tumour formation in the colon.


  • Symptoms: Constant abdominal pain, blood in the stool, change in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, fatigue.


Discomfort caused by the accumulation of gas in the digestive tract.


  • Symptoms: Abdominal pain, bloating, belching, flatulence.


Partial or complete obstruction of intestinal transit.


  • Symptoms: Severe abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, inability to pass stools.


Sigmoid Colon Cancer Izmir Turkey

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